predator prey interactions ppt

12 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section*.14) >> ( 2 votes) concordance:chapter-master.tex:chapter-master.Rnw:1 25 1 123 Snyder Hall In particular, predator-prey interactions have been examined from many angles to capture and explain various environmental phenomena meaningfully. Accessible to undergraduates. One predator-prey cycle is completed before predators eliminate the prey. (\376\377\000K\000e\000y\000\040\000c\000o\000n\000c\000e\000p\000t\000s) I feel like its a lifeline. NaRA G JFIF K K MSO Palette C /Filter /FlateDecode << /S /GoTo /D (section*.3) >> For birds and mammals specifically, Caro 2005 describes the evolution of the wide range of behavioral and morphological traits that minimize predation risk. Lima, Steven L., and Lawrence M. Dill. endobj Click here to review the details. Brianna graduated from Henderson State University in 2016 with a B.S. > w R dO ) p6 P i c t u r e s P o w e r P o i n t D o c u m e n t ( k p S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( y 8 r 8BIMColor Halftone Settings H /ff lff /ff 2 Z 5 - 8BIMColor Transfer Settings p 8BIMGuides @ @ 8BIM URL overrides 8BIMSlices m w e b 0 1 2 8BIMLayer ID Generator Base 8BIMNew Windows Thumbnail p o P JFIF H H Adobe d Camouflage is the process of using body shape and coloration to blend in with the environment. The interaction between a consumer (such as, a predator or a parasitoid) and a resource (such as, a prey or a host) forms an integral motif in ecological food webs, and has been modeled since the early 20 th century starting from the seminal work of Lotka and Volterra. . The population dynamics of predator-prey interactions can be modeled using the LotkaVolterra equations, which is based on differential equations. Your Thoughts on Predators/Prey. View module_20_ppt.pptx from BIO ECOLOGY at James Madison University. << /S /GoTo /D (section*.10) >> endobj Oxford: Oxford Univ. Growth rate of prey: dN/dt = rN (1 - (N/K) - fP N = number of prey << /S /GoTo /D (section*.5) >> One of the most widespread defensive strategies of animals is camouflage, or the ability of an organism to blend in with its surroundings. Multiple Stable States and Catastrophic Shifts in Ecosyste Niche Versus Neutral Models of Community Organization, Physiological Ecology of Nutrient Acquisition in Animals. Predator/Prey Interactions: Penguins & Whales (Hands-on activity) by Nicole Paul 25 $2.25 Zip This is a simulation that shows the relationship between predator and prey populations in an ecosystem. I can advise you this service - www.HelpWriting.net Bought essay here. Predators that don't adapt and can't capture prey will starve to death. - density of prey species. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Patterns of Abundance and Population Regulation, The Influence of Predator-Prey Interactions on the Community, Predation from the Predators Perspective, Habitat Choice under the Risk of Predation, Humans and their Effects on Predator-Prey Interactions, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Indirect Effects in Communities and Ecosystems, The interaction between predation and competition: A review and synthesis, Allocation of Reproductive Resources in Plants, Biodiversity Patterns in Agricultural Systms, Communities and Ecosystems, Indirect Effects in, Communities, Top-Down and Bottom-Up Regulation of, Competition and Coexistence in Animal Communities, Ecological Dynamics in Fragmented Landscapes, Facilitation and the Organization of Communities, Genetic Considerations in Plant Ecological Restoration, Harvesting Alternative Water Resources (US West), Metapopulations and Spatial Population Processes. 40 0 obj Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. The destruction is usually blamed on the predator's eating choices, but sometimes the key lies in the prey animals' responses, according to an international team of . In the context of Predator-Prey Interactions, the integrative complex of morphological, behavioral, and physiological traits of both predators and prey determines their functional relationship. It works in the opposite direction too. Adaptation - When newly-evolved traits increase the ability of an organism to survive. Predator-prey cycles In a healthy, balanced ecosystem the numbers of predators and prey remain fairly constant. It's a type of interaction in which one species is harmed and the other is unaffected. PowerPoint presentation 'Predator/Prey Interactions' is the property of its rightful owner. In a predator-prey interaction, for example, the emergence of faster prey may select against individuals in the predatory species . Predator-Prey Interactions Predation exerts an ultimate selective pressure on animal behavior: the fitness consequences of an ineffective behavioral response are immediate and irrevocable. ")$+*($''-2@7-0=0''8L9=CEHIH+6OUNFT@GHE C !!E. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Predation is a strong selective force for prey organisms Prey is the organism being captured and eaten. It's a leaf-tailed gecko that blends in with the bark of a tree. Can you find the camouflaged animal in this picture? One of the most interesting applications of systems of differential equations is the predator-prey problem. The discussions in this article include, yet reach well beyond, predator-prey interactions. 17 0 obj Predators and Prey Prey-predator interaction is a crucial topic in theoretical ecology and evolutionary biology. Optimal Foraging Theory Impact & Examples | What is the Optimal Foraging Theory? 2000. (\376\377\000F\000u\000n\000c\000t\000i\000o\000n\000a\000l\000\040\000r\000e\000s\000p\000o\000n\000s\000e\000s\000:\000\040\000h\000a\000n\000d\000l\000i\000n\000g\000\040\000t\000i\000m\000e\000s\000\040\000a\000n\000d\000\040\000s\000a\000t\000i\000a\000t\000i\000o\000n) Climate Change Feedback Mechanisms & Cycle | What is a Feedback Mechanism? The pioneering work to describe the prey-predator interactions in mathematics belongs to the Lotka-Volterra model [ 1, 2 ]. Both predators and prey have adaptations to help them capture food or avoid being eaten. Cheetahs use speed to outrun their prey, and eagles, hawks, owls and falcons use flight to their advantage while hunting. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. All rights reserved. Finding Prey or Host Arthropod predators often rely on incidental vibrational cues to capture their prey. In fact, a leading cause of extinction is the introduction of predators into an isolated system like an island or a lake. Target Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions ignore this option. Meredith Palmer employs a combination of empirical, experimental, and theoretical approaches to explore how prey ungulates in African large mammal communities utilize a suite of antipredator behaviors to counter a risk-resource tradeoff across a gradient of time and space. 21 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D (section*.7) >> Camouflage can be as simple as being the predominant color of surrounding vegetation, or it can define an organism's complete morphology, like this walking stick. %PDF-1.4 Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Predator-Prey Interaction April 10, 2003 Steven J. Ehrlich Today Notes and Terms Game What to turn in: * Tables from pages 147-152 Terms Predation - When individuals eat other living individuals. A predator prey interaction occurs whenever a predator captures and eats an organism, which is known as the prey. Coevolutionary antagonistic interactions are observed in predator-prey and host-parasite relationships. Let's say the number of wolves is represented by w, the number of rabbits is represented by r.The reproductive rate of rabbits is k 1 and the reproductive rate of wolves is k 2.The mortality rate for wolves is k 3.Download the excel spreadsheet to play around with different numbers for each of these parameters and watch what happens to the graphs. ( All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. In predator-prey relationships, prey develop adaptations to avoid predators and predators acquire additional adaptations in turn. St. Paul, MN 55108, 3-104 MCB These animals are usually brightly and distinctively colored to stand out. Prey organisms that are difficult to find, catch or consume are the ones that will survive and reproduce. (\376\377\000P\000r\000e\000d\000a\000t\000o\000r\000-\000p\000r\000e\000y\000\040\000i\000n\000t\000e\000r\000a\000c\000t\000i\000o\000n\000s) There are also cases where two or more dangerous or unpalatable species all resemble one another. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Download Now, BIOL2007 - EVOLUTION AT MORE THAN ONE GENE SO FAR Evolution at a single locus, Microwave Interactions with the Atmosphere, Design of Experiment and Assessing Interactions within Atmospheric Processes, INTERACTIONS ENTRE MDICAMENTS ET DROGUES DE RUE, Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Species Interactions, Principles of Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics, Sexually Violent Predator Program Recidivism Study Preliminary Results, Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions, Interactions biotiques et abiotiques dans les sols. Resolution H H 8BIM FX Global Lighting Angle 8BIMFX Global Altitude 8BIMPrint Flags 8BIM Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. However, predators are also constantly adapting to become better hunters as well. Shell game!. << /S /GoTo /D (section*.9) >> birds of prey have keen eyesight and sharp beaks and talons venomous snakes have poisonous venom to subdue their prey camouflage allows predators to blend in with their surroundings kingsnakes are immune to the venom of venomous snakes treefrogs have The model is simplified with the following assumptions: (1) only two species exist: fox and rabbit; (2) rabbits are born and then die through predation or inherent death; (3) foxes are born and their birth rate is positively affected by the rate of predation, and they die naturally. Copyright Flag 8BIM'Japanese Print Flags Predator-prey interactions often dramatic, illustrated by snowshoe hare-lynx population fluctuations Simple Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model generates fluctuations of prey, predator - PowerPoint PPT Presentation TRANSCRIPT One of the most influential and often cited references in predator-prey ecology. Prey species do not perform the same antipredator behaviors during every encounter; it is likely that certain reactions are more apt for evading specific types of predators. Population fluctuation-The up and down in #s of living organism in an ecosystem. /Length 1744 Shell game!. What two variables are plotted on the. '.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE " 0 !1AQ"aq2#CRr 1A ? A predator prey interaction occurs whenever a predator captures and eats an organism, which is known as the prey. Predators. 1990. In fact, many predators themselves use camouflage. endobj << /S /GoTo /D (section*.6) >> 5 0 obj 37 0 obj However, Heliconius larvae have evolved enzymes that break down the toxic compounds and allow them to eat the leaves of the vines. Competition, on the other hand, is when populations or even an individual compete for food resources. Dawkins, Richard, and John R. Krebs. Speed is not the only adaptation used by predators and prey, though. << /S /GoTo /D (section*.15) >> Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism, Commensalism & Parasitism, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Predator-Prey Interactions, Adaptations, and Examples, Review of Inorganic Chemistry For Biologists: Help and Review, Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Help and Review, Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA: Help and Review, DNA Replication - Processes and Steps: Help and Review, The Transcription and Translation Process: Help and Review, Plant Reproduction and Growth: Help and Review, Physiology I: The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, and Musculoskeletal Systems, Physiology I - The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, and Musculoskeletal Systems: Help and Review, Physiology II: The Nervous, Immune, and Endocrine Systems, Physiology II - The Nervous, Immune, and Endocrine Systems: Help and Review, Animal Reproduction and Development: Help and Review, Genetics - Principles of Heredity: Help and Review, The Environment, Levels of Ecology and Ecosystems, Ecosystems, Habitats and Ecological Niches, Food Chains, Trophic Levels and Energy Flow in an Ecosystem, Interspecific Competition, Competitive Exclusion & Niche Differentiation, Predator/Prey Interactions, Camouflage, Mimicry & Warning Coloration, Carrying Capacity, Migration & Dispersion, Dispersal, Colonization, and Island Biogeography, Conservation Biology, Habitat Fragmentation, and Metapopulations, Ecological Succession: From Pioneer to Climax Communities, Biomes: Desert, Tropical Rainforest, Savanna, Coral Reefs & More, Biomes: Tundra, Taiga, Temperate Grassland, and Coastlines, Biogeochemical Cycling and the Phosphorus Cycle, The Nitrogen Cycle, Acid Rain and Fossil Fuels, The Origin and History of Life On Earth: Help and Review, Basic Molecular Biology Laboratory Techniques: Help and Review, UExcel Anatomy & Physiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, UExcel Microbiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Human Anatomy & Physiology: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - Earth Science: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - Chemistry: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - Living Environment: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - Physics: Tutoring Solution, Middle School Earth Science: Help and Review, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Tutoring Solution, SAT Subject Test Physics: Tutoring Solution, Warning Coloration in Animals: Examples, Overview, Aldosterone: Definition, Function & Effects. The interaction between predation and competition: A review and synthesis. Here's a simple predator-prey model. In this paper we analyze a non-linear mathematical model to study the dynamicsof a fishery resource system in an aquatic environment that consists of two zonesa free fishing zone and a reserve zone w This type of mimicry is called Mullerian mimicry. Some defensive strategies are pretty obvious, and top among the list of obvious strategies is running away. coevolution, the process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another. 64 0 obj << 25 0 obj Predator-prey interactions shape ecosystems and can help maintain biodiversity. -axis? Species who use communication techniques often live in groups in order to provide themselves with more protection. Predator-Prey Interactions In book: Analysis and interpretation of inland fisheries data (pp.765-842) Edition: 1st Chapter: 16. 28 0 obj 4. The white fur of the polar bear enables it to blend in with the snowy environment, hiding it from prey. 0. com oral health mbchb5(june06).ppt. One example is camouflage, which is the process of using specialized colors to blend in with the environment. Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals. The # of organism in a area cant get any bigger, because of lack of food/resources. The process of hunting to capture an eat organisms is known as predation. So the yellow structure defense is two-fold: It deters the butterflies from laying eggs, and it attracts predators of Heliconius larvae. Do we??. The monarch butterfly shown on the left and the viceroy butterfly shown on the right will make animals sick or taste very bad if they are eaten. Are they numerous? Here snake is the predator and the frog is its prey. Whenever a predator develops an advantage that helps them acquire prey, there is selective pressure on the prey to adapt and find a way to avoid this new method of predation. o p" ? However, there are cases where two or more dangerous or unpalatable species all resemble one another. Predator prey.ppt - Google Slides New Unit= Predator/Prey Animals that eat others for its livelihood Examples: Wolf eats deer and elk Cougar eats deer, Foxes eats Pheasants Coyote eats rabbit. This very approachable review is a masterpiece of synthesis and careful writing that stimulated an entire field. The predators learn faster, and fewer butterflies of both species are eaten during the learning process. We've encountered a problem, please try again. endobj 0. users (1).pdf. Predator Adaptations - General Predators have adaptations to catch and consume their prey. % They are implied in the relationship between animals and plants as well. For example - rabbit feeding on a carrot, bear eating berry and grasshopper eating a leaf. concordance:chapter-master.tex:./predator-prey2.Rnw:ofs 26:1 17 1 1 21 40 1 1 34 60 1 1 15 63 1 1 34 10 1 1 8 55 1 1 7 20 1 1 36 4 1 1 35 59 1 1,2- intrinsic growth rate for prey and predator, respectively. The Theta-Logistic predator prey model allows one to incorporate a functional response of type 1,2 or 3. Prey can be either an animal or a plant. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Ecology Letters 5.2: 302315. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Predator/Prey Interactions Dec. 05, 2009 1 like 3,585 views Download Now Download to read offline coebridges Follow Advertisement Recommended Chapter 4 interaction between organism Hazwani Alias 56.2k views 28 slides animal relationship w.r.t prey and predator Mariyam Nazeer Agha 2.8k views 7 slides Symbiosis relationships leylitafernandez This article highlights the breadth of influence that predator-prey interactions have on ecology. << /S /GoTo /D (section*.4) >> Population regulation can only occur as a result of one or more density dependent processes acting on birth or death rates. When one species called predator, preys on other species, this interaction is called predation. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. A predator is an entity that hunts its prey. Food web - Interdependence Starter If the mouse is considered a pest and baited, find as many effects on the food web as you can, in Psychology and Biology. ! " The Lotka-Volterra model describes interactions between two species in an ecosystem, a predator and a prey. As in many subfields of ecology, the science behind predator-prey investigations has been driven by theory, including important advances in generating and testing predictions. E.g. 2 2. Some animals have such good camouflage that they literally disappear in their natural habitat. Venomous snakes, spiders and wasps use poisons to either kill or immobilize their prey. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. (\376\377\000L\000i\000m\000i\000t\000e\000d\000\040\000p\000r\000e\000y\000\040\000g\000r\000o\000w\000t\000h\000\040\000a\000n\000d\000\040\000p\000r\000e\000d\000a\000t\000o\000r\000-\000p\000r\000e\000y\000\040\000c\000o\000e\000x\000i\000s\000t\000e\000n\000c\000e) stream What are some examples of. 52 0 obj Exploitation There are 4 general categories "True" predators Herbivores Grazers Browsers Granivores Frugivores Parasites Parasitoids "True" predators Herbivores Attack many prey items in a lifetime Consume only a bit of the victim Do not usually kill prey in the short term (but may do so in the long term) Parasites Consume part of their prey Do not usually kill their prey Attack one or . 1 - competition rate. endobj Animals that use chemicals as a defense rarely use camouflage; quite the opposite, in fact. << /S /GoTo /D (section*.8) >> Prey eaten/predator/time Prey density As will be discussed in lecture 22, an asymptotic (Types 1 & 2) or sigmoid (Type 3) functional response is more typical. The sections that follow address the effects of predator-prey interactions, such as those at the individual level, expressed through behavior, morphology, physiology, and life history, as well as their effects on population dynamics and community composition. Can we eat them? Use the graph to answer the questions. Since most predators are extremely selective in their prey, prey must adapt to overcome the predation taking place against them. 44 0 obj Tap here to review the details. Barbosa, Pedro, and Ignacio Castellanos, eds. This review helped influence the swing in studies away from density-mediated to trait-mediated interactions. endobj 60 0 obj Some organisms are themselves poisonous, like the poison dart frog. The article also considers the less typical and more integrative aspects of predator-prey interactions, such as their physiological and neurological mechanisms and their relevance for questions associated with conservation. However, additional effects from interactions between species (e.g., predator-prey interactions) may also occur in natural systems. Honeybees use vibrations rather than auditory signals to warn others in the hive of predators. Abrams, Peter A. Types: Activities, Lesson Plans (Individual), PowerPoint Presentations. What kinds to we have in the oceans? Within the camera trap grid, Meredith has simulated lion activity by conducting playbacks of lion roars at a subset of camera sites. endobj The mass action approach to modeling tropic interactions was pioneered, independently, by the American . Prey Characteristics & Examples | What Is Prey? Coevolution occurs when the fitness of two different species is tightly linked, and these two species evolve in response to evolutionary changes in each other. 63 0 obj << Predation exerts an ultimate selective pressure on animal behavior: the fitness consequences of an ineffective behavioral response are immediate and irrevocable. > U T F These back-and-forth counter-adaptations are what cause coevolution between predators and prey. of Chicago Press. >> Predators. See especially p. 394. Predator prey interactions lead to something known as coevolution because each of the species is constantly adapting to try and become better than the other. Camouflage is a great defensive strategy, as evidenced by its widespread use in nature, but there is no rule that says it can only be used to hide from predators. endobj Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus. The history of the study about the prey-predator interactions dates back long. endobj Predator-prey relations refer to the interactions between two species where one species is the hunted food source for the other. Species. This book is a comprehensive overview of the morphological and behavioral adaptations of birds and mammals that evolved to minimize predation risk. Predator/Prey Interactions. Press. 11.2 Lotka{Volterra predator{prey model with intraspeci c competition Recall that Lotka-Volterra predator . A great starting point for researchers interested in an introduction to predator-prey ecology is Barbosa and Castellanos 2005, which examines the subject from behavioral, population, and applied perspectives. 13 0 obj Predator-prey interactions are characterized by five stages (see . Binary Operation Overview & Structure | What is a Binary Operation? 2 - prey conversion rate. The moose population increased and then decreased; the wolf population increased. Predator Adaptations - General Predators have adaptations to catch and consume their prey. stream The roots of the black walnut tree secretes a chemical which is harmful for the neighbouring trees,but obviously not for itself. 1475 Gortner Ave endobj These provide a mathematical model for the cycling of predator and prey populations. Some organisms, like armadillos, tortoises, porcupines and thorny plants, use armor, quills and thorns to defend themselves against predators. Chase, Jonathan M., Peter A. Abrams, James P. Grover, et al. In terms of effective tax rates a sales tax can be viewed as a regressive tax. 41 0 obj endobj Invading predators can devastate an ecosystem. Interspecific Competition, Competitive Exclusion & Niche Differentiation | Overview & Examples. The organisms that most effectively adapt to and avoid predation will survive and reproduce. An extension of the logic of Lima and Dill 1990 applied to larger-scale phenomena, this review examines the influence of predator-prey behavior on population processes. PREDATOR - PREY DYNAMICS LOTKA - VOLTERRA MODEL Dr. Rudy Sookbirsingh fDr. A great deal of debate is ongoing as to whether these two ecological interactions possess similar enough qualities with predation to be characterized as one phenomenon. Meredith is using life-sized, moving, photo-realistic models to examine the types and intensities of evasive behaviors elicited during simulated predator encounters. << /S /GoTo /D (section*.12) >> 56 0 obj (\376\377\000T\000h\000e\000\040\000p\000a\000r\000a\000d\000o\000x\000\040\000o\000f\000\040\000e\000n\000r\000i\000c\000h\000m\000e\000n\000t) and prey. They can go up and down during each year, but generally over the years, these. endobj You can read the details below. populations are often controlled by predators Predator-prey relationship Interactions that affect population growth of both predator and prey Example: . Add to cart. Predator-prey interactions are a key component of the structure of ecosystems. 36 0 obj You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The lion is the predator while the zebra is the prey. The difference between predator and prey is that a predator is an organism who captures and eats another, while prey is the organism being captured and eaten. Ex. succeed. Some predators even use mimicry to capture prey. A predator is an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food. 61 0 obj However, it is unclear if increased mortality results from changes in the dynamics of predator-prey interactions or due to prey increasing activity levels. Two graphs demonstrating changes in frequency and another two demonstrating changes in fitness values of both predator and prey 1-Competition two organisms using the same resources 2-Predator-prey (parasite-host interactions) benefit itself while harming another 3-Mutualism both participants benefit from an interaction 4-Commensalism one 65 0 obj << This section will analyze the different predator adaptations and prey adaptations that organisms have acquired over time to survive. The result is that over evolutionary time, prey organisms have developed a stunning array of strategies to avoid being eaten. Without such data, theories on the adaptive evolutionary significance of antipredator behaviors remain largely untested, nor can we evaluate and predict behaviorally-mediated effects of predators on herbivore populations, which may in turn significantly affect the ecology of ecosystems as a whole. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. interaction, or prey{predator interaction. Create your account, 37 chapters | /Length 64 The alligator snapping turtle uses its pink worm-like tongue as a lure to draw fish right into its mouth. JavaScript nije omoguen u vaem pregledniku tako da tu datoteku nije mogue otvoriti. (\376\377\000H\000o\000m\000e\000w\000o\000r\000k) A model of prey-predator interaction where the predator population is less strongly dependent on prey levels, prey density is held near its carrying capacity and predation is more likely to be influenced by risky behaviour on the part of the prey, is called predation- sensitive food hypothesis (Sih, 1982; Sih and More, 1990; Abrams, 1991). /Length 56 We've updated our privacy policy. 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She is modeling the impact of predator hunting strategy and fluctuating resource conditions on the strength of prey avoidance behaviors in response to predictable levels of predation risk. One example is the Vervet monkey, who uses different vocalized signals for different types of predators. 53 0 obj Do not sell or share my personal information. The Predator and Prey Relationship Powerpoint is a lesson that teaches students about predators, prey and the connection between the two.

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