bail amounts by crime in tennessee

Vehicular theft can increase bail to as much as . If the defendant does not show up for their court date, then the bail bondsmen can have a bounty hunter track them down and bring them to court if necessary. A federal lawsuit alleges lack of due process in a rural Tennessee county, and reform advocates say its jail is hardly an outlier. On any given night in the United States, nearly 450,000 people who are legally presumed innocent sit in jail only because they cannot afford to pay a monetary bail amount. Heres Our Vision to Fix It.,, Kalief Browders Tragic Death and the Criminal Injustice of Our Bail System. It's the cost of using a bail bondsman and the risk they take. 1045 Mullins Station Road, Memphis, TN, 38134, 1101 John A Denie Road, Memphis, TN, 38134. in Shelby County, Job This is why we are listing reputable job centers near Verna Wyatt, representing Tennessee Voices for Victims, named dozens of defendants who committed crimes after being released on bond. A Delhi court has granted bail to a man accused of murder during the 2020 North East Delhi riots, saying in the name of opposing the bail plea the prosecution tried to mislead the court as . If youre working with a bail bond company, then you dont have to pay the full bail amount to court. staff includes professional lawyers, bail bondsmen, and lending experts who understand local Now the release process begins and typically takes anywhere from 1 to 2 hours to complete. For example, a bail of $1,000 will require at least $100 from the defendant or a family member or friend that posts the fee on their behalf. Attorney Bryan E. Delius was born and raised in Sevier County, TN. ACLU-TN and Civil Rights Corps File Friend of the Court Brief Supporting Bail Reform (June 5 , 2017), Civil Rights Groups Urge Court to Uphold Decision that Struck Down Unconstitutional Money Bail System in Harris County, Texas: Ruling Could Reform Bail Practices Across the Country (August 10, 2017), Nashville Community Bail Fund V. Gentry (September 14, 2021), State of Tennessee v. Weatherspoon Amicus Brief (July 25, 2017). It's typically a misdemeanor offense, but if serious damage is involved, depending on the circumstances and actual value of the damage committed, vandalism can be charged as a felony in some states, including Tennessee. We are dedicated to translating the guarantees of the Bill of Rights into reality for all Tennesseans. be lowered, low-income Vandalism is an offense that may not be as severe as other property crimes. The U.S. Constitution also requires courts to hold bail hearings within a reasonable time of arrest, with representation by an attorney, and to take individual circumstances into account, including a persons ability to pay. 2023 How Bail Bonds Work | All Rights Reserved. (4) One hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) if the defendant is charged with some form of homicide. You will need personal property or land/home value that's equal or greater than the bail amount. I live in Nashville miles away, where online access is available to inform you of what you need to know about your ticket or citation. we can roughly estimate the asset potential the countys residents have. Firms, Tennessee Criminal Statute of Limitations Laws. SHELBY COUNTY. Class B Felonies Class B felonies carry possible sentences of 8 to 30 years in prison and fines up to $25,000. Shelby County, TN. Our attorneys at Delius & McKenzie, PLLC work aggressively to achieve successful outcomes for our clients. Do you get bail money back if youre guilty? of The email address cannot be subscribed. do bail bonds work in Shelby County? In Tennessee, bail is usually set by the local court within 72 hours of the crime being charged. database. If you are attempting to bail someone out from another state, you can talk with your local bondsman - that's the bondman in your county, and not the state where the person is detained. may have lost their jobs while under arrest. The bail bond agency provides the security and assurance that the defendant will show up in court at the designated time. Destroying, polluting, or contaminating property; Tampering with property or causing financial loss or substantial inconvenience to the owner or a third party; Intentionally, spilling, pouring, or otherwise adding chemicals or other toxins to or on merchandise with the intent to: render the merchandise unsellable or alter it from its original form or destroy or decrease the value of the merchandise. We dedicate ourselves to providing information that is accurate and expertly written in order to Tennessee has a firm 10% bail bond fee that is charged for all bail bonds in the state ( T.N.C 40-11-316 ). Indiana Petition for Waiver of Reinstatement Fee, Alabama Code > Title 15 > Chapter 13 - Bail, Arizona Laws > Title 13 > Chapter 38 > Article 12 - Bail, Arizona Laws > Title 20 > Chapter 2 > Article 3.5 - Bail Bond Agents and Bail Recovery Agents, Connecticut General Statutes > Chapter 533a - Bail Enforcement Agents, Florida Regulations > Chapter 69O-239 - Bail and Bonds, Indiana Code > Title 27 > Article 10 - Indiana Bail Law, Michigan Laws > Chapters 760-777 > Act 175 of 1927 > Chapter V - Bail, North Carolina General Statutes > Chapter 15A > Article 26 - Bail, South Carolina Code > Title 17 > Chapter 15 - Bail and Recognizances, Tennessee Code > Title 40 > Chapter 11 - Bail, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 17 - Bail, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Chapter 22 - Forfeiture of Bail, Virginia Code > Title 19.2 > Chapter 9 - Bail and Recognizances, Wisconsin Statutes > Chapter 969 - Bail and other conditions of release, The clerk of any circuit or criminal court may only admit the defendant to bail when the judge is not present in the court and the clerk reasonably believes that the judge will not be present within three (3) hours after the defendant has been committed to the county or city jail, following. For large amounts with the intent to distribute, bail can be set anywhere between $500,000 and $5,000,000. Sometimes anger or frustration can lead you to do unexpected things like keying a car or slashing someone's tires. If the defendant is unable to obtain the necessary money to cover the bail bond, a cosigner may be used if the cosigner can come up with the required amount. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or the information linked to on the state site. After calling several lawyer offices DELIUS & MCKENZIE, PLLC listen to my concerns, valued my time my working with me by emails. Civil Rights Groups Demand Shelby County End Discriminatory, Wealth-Based Bail Practices, ACLU-TNs In Our Backyards Storytelling Project Lifts Voices of Directly-Impacted Tennesseans, Nashville Community Bail Fund Reaches Agreement with Davidson County Criminal Court Clerk to End Garnishment of Cash Bonds, Federal Court Blocks Court Rule that Unfairly Keeps Poor People in Jail, Groundbreaking Lawsuit Challenges Court Rule that Unfairly Keeps Poor People in Jail, ACLU-TN and Civil Rights Corps File Friend of the Court Brief Supporting Bail Reform, Civil Rights Groups Urge Court to Uphold Decision that Struck Down Unconstitutional Money Bail System in Harris County, Texas: Ruling Could Reform Bail Practices Across the Country, In Our Backyards: Money Bail in Rural Tennessee, Ohio Could Save Big By Implementing Bail Reform: A Fiscal Impact Analysis, Profiting Off Misery: Endeavour Capital and the Predatory Bail Industry, Selling Off Our Freedom: How Insurance Corporations Have Taken Over Our Bail System, No Money, No Freedom: The Need for Bail Reform, Why We Cant Go Backwards on Bail Reform,, Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: A Cautionary Tale About Bail Reform in Georgia,, Using Bail as Ransom Violates the Core Tenants of Pretrial Justice,, Americas Pretrial System Is Broken. A constitutional amendment proposal to reform Wisconsin's cash bail system is now headed to voters in April's election. What Happens If Im Injured in a Hit and Run? Kalief Browders Tragic Death and the Criminal Injustice of Our Bail System,by Udi Ofer, Deputy National Political Director and Director of Campaign for Smart Justice, ACLU (March 15, 2017), Were Living in a Surveillance Society, So Why Do We Need Bail?, by Jay Stanley, Senior Policy Analyst, ACLU Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project & Andrea Woods, Equal Justice Works Fellowship Attorney, Criminal Law Reform Project (April 25, 2017), Behind Many Mom and Pop Bail Bonds Shops Is a Huge Insurance Corporation Out to Profit From Misery, by Margaret Dooley-Sammuli, Criminal Justice and Drug Policy Director, ACLU of California (May 11, 2017), Poverty Is Not a Crime, so Why Are People Being Trapped in Immigration Detention for Being Poor?, by Katie Egan, Washington Legislative Office & Joanne Lin, Senior Legislative Counsel, ACLU (September 21, 2016), Suffocating effect of pretrial detention, bail costs in Shelby County | Opinion, by Jerome Davis and Jack Seigenthaler, TheCommercial Appeal, (March 2022), Illinois Becomes 1st State to Eliminate Cash Bail, NPR (February 22, 2021), Has bail reform in America finally reached a tipping point?, The Christian Science Monitor, (April 2017), Bail-Bond System Exploits the Poor and Undermines Justice, ACLU Says, NBC News, (May 2017), Conservatives Have a Stake in Bail Reform, The National Review, (July 2017), Davidson County must reform unconstitutional bail practices, by Hedy Weinberg and Alec Karakatsanis, The Tennessean, (July 2017). To be released from jail, a few steps must occur, including being booked and posting bail. Knowing your bail options helps you better understand how bail bonds work in Tennessee. The median household income for Shelby County, TN is roughly Stay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Bail Premium Fee: 10%. Corporate Bail Bond: This is issued by the bail bonds Tennessee agency as purchased by the defendant. We recommend reading our guide on how much bail costs for a deep dive into fees bondsmen charge. Cameron was there for about a week, according to Civil Rights Corps, which filed the lawsuit . One hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) if the defendant is charged with some form of homicide. If you need free or low-income It's the cost of using a bail bondsman and the risk they take. Offer me a price for service that was affordable with a payment plan. Essentially, the 10% is the bail bond agency's (or bail bondsman's) profit. Poverty Is Not a Crime, so Why Are People Being Trapped in Immigration Detention for Being Poor?, Suffocating effect of pretrial detention, bail costs in Shelby County | Opinion,, Illinois Becomes 1st State to Eliminate Cash Bail,. The felon has . We pride ourselves on giving you a comprehensive guide knowing the stress that comes with having risk of a population when it comes to lending money for bail. Within a few days of my release the medical bills started arriving..it was at this point I knew I need the help of a professional, Mr. At your request, many bail bond companies will come pick you up discreetly, and installment payment plans are usually available with bondsmen. Numerous Tennessee bail bondsmen can bail you out anytime during the day or night in Tennessee. ACLU-TN along the ACLU, Just City, The Wharton Law Firm and other partners are dedicated to working with Shelby County elected officials and judges to advocate for the reform of these unjust bail practices. Check our detailed guide to learn more about how bail is The various types of bail bonds available in Tennessee include cash bail bonds, property bonds, appeal bonds, corporate bail bonds, and federal bonds. Bail Reform. ($10,000) if the defendant is charged with a felony that does not involve a crime committed against a person; Fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) if the defendant is charged with a felony that involves a crime committed against a person; or . The 10% of the total bail amount must be paid up front and is nonrefundable. The bail amount for assaulting a peace officer (e.g. jurisdictions and intricacies of legal matters dealing with bail bonds. Bail Cost. police officer) is typically around $2,500 although it can be as low as $500 in lower-income states like Oklahoma and New Mexico. ACLU-TNs campaigns leverage a range of targeted, integrated tactics from coalition-building to public education and mobilization, to policy advocacy and beyond to advance and protect your civil liberties. It is also possible that you do not get bail at all, and youre required to remain in jail while you await trial. We are a resource for people who need bail bondsmen and are ad-supported. While these bail bond stipulations are not actual direct money costs, they do take up your time from school and work and increase your risk of not meeting your release obligations. An award-winning criminal defense attorney. The state of Tennessee governs its bail bonds system. Please check official sources. Heres Our Vision to Fix It., by Andrea Woods, Staff Attorney, Criminal Law Reform Project & Portia Allen-Kyle, Advocacy and Policy Counsel, ACLU Campaign for Smart Justice (April 2, 2019, ACLU). Many Tennessee attorneys offer free consultations. Fred Shanks is a licensed bail bondsman and the owner of Apex Bail Bonds. In Our Backyards: Money Bail in Rural Tennessee (ACLU of Tennessee, September 2021). Required fields are marked *. record of not appearing to court. Except as provided in subsection (c), in no event may a clerk set the amount of bail in excess of: One thousand dollars ($1,000) if the defendant is charged with a misdemeanor; Ten thousand dollars ($10,000) if the defendant is charged with a felony that does not involve a crime committed against a, Fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) if the defendant is charged with a felony that involves a crime committed against a person; or. 0 Note: State laws are always subject to change through the passage of new legislation, rulings in the higher courts (including federal decisions), ballot initiatives, and other means. ", "When I was faced with the tragic loss of my husband in 2012 and found myself needing an attorney for the first time in my life, I knew immediately that I would be calling on Attorney Bryan Delius. Profiting Off Misery: Endeavour Capital and the Predatory Bail Industry (ACLU, December 2019). Bail: Security given for the release of a criminal defendant or witness from legal custody (usually in the form of money) to secure his/her appearance on the day and time appointed. The best way to find out if the Tennessee Bonding Company is right for you is via our obligation-free consultation. LawServer is for purposes of information only and is no substitute for legal advice. | Lic. You can explore additional available newsletters here. this Section. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. Right to bail Bail by clerk Maximum amounts. To have no face to face contact until the day I was to appear in court speaks volumes about DELIUS & MCKENZIE, PLLC. $500-$1,000: Class E felony, punishable by 1-6 years in prison, $3,000 in fines. Under Shelby Countys current pretrial system, a person can be held for weeks or longer without a bail hearing with counsel, and ability to pay is not considered when bail is set, leaving those who cannot afford to pay detained indefinitely, even if they are not a flight or safety risk, while those who face the same charges but can afford to pay money bail are freed until trial. sentencing, and even to challenge the bail amount that is being set for the person you are You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. yVLSfXcj^{g)~R>QWw^6, sG%;\_p13 Q\=AGWN,~G? A clerk may set the amount of bail in excess of the listed amounts in subsection (b) if the defendant is deemed a risk of flight pursuant to 40-11-118. very little or no cash. Centers in Shelby County, FBI crime statistics You may receive a higher or lower bail amount based on your criminal history and individual circumstances. 98.2% of the overall Tennessee state average. If you need help with a criminal case, call us today at 865.428.8780or complete ourcontact formto set up an appointment. Our staff at Bail Bonds Network is highly educated, The average bail should be looked at as more of a recommendation by the court. According to Tennessee law, prior to setting bail, a number of factors must be considered for state and felony charges. Web Design By, give us a call or fill out our online form. When the defendant has been arrested or held to answer for any bailable offense, the defendant is entitled to be admitted to bail by the committing magistrate, by any judge of the circuit or criminal court, or by the clerk of any circuit or criminal court; provided, that if admitted to bail by the clerk of any circuit or criminal court, the defendant has a right to petition the judge of the circuit or criminal court if the defendant feels that the bail set is excessive, and shall be given notice of this fact by the clerk. Don't assume that just because the amount of bail you need is more than you can afford that you'll have to stay in jail. We provide estimates on average bail prices for different misdemeanor and felony crimes in Bail-Bond System Exploits the Poor and Undermines Justice, ACLU Says, Conservatives Have a Stake in Bail Reform, Davidson County must reform unconstitutional bail practices, ACLU-TN Reaction to Law Targeting Drag Shows, Tennessee Bans Gender-Affirming Care for Transgender Youth, 113th TGA Trans Justice Legislative Agenda. (Most of these bail bond agencies have been in business for a number of years and are family owned.) It's also critical to understand that you do not get bail money back, specifically the 10% bail fee back from the bondsman. When the bail bond amount is decided, you can pay the full amount or a bail bonds agent can post the bail bond at the local jail. The more serious and dangerous the crime, the higher the amount of bail is likely to be. The next step is to know what to expect upon arrest anywhere in the state of Tennessee. Locking up people before trial because they cannot afford to pay bail is a leading cause of mass incarceration in Tennessee and elsewhere. Zlatan's experience in credit and lending is vital since many important factors, such as credit history, over-leveraging, and predatory loan options can have a long term impacts when looking for financial assistance. In Tennessee, the bondsman or bail bond agency are allowed to charge the defendant with a non-refundable fee of up to 10% of the total bail amount. Judges ignored the new rules from the beginning, veteran defense attorney David . having obtained prestigious degrees in law, business, accounting, and finance. The following is a general timeline for how a case moves through the criminal justice process in Tennessee. 'YbW4Jy~'?t#> y%::@\ 2YCALA10THXX 11';EI+PUpg$GD``0xv:k The measure was approved 73-22, with 10 Democrats joining Republicans . Federal Court Blocks Court Rule that Unfairly Keeps Poor People in Jail (March 18, 2020, ACLU-TN). FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. Cash Bail Bond: This is where the defendant, friend or family member puts up the entire bond in cash. This being said, lets take a look at some of the most common crimes and their average bail amounts. Get free summaries of new opinions delivered to your inbox! 8034 0 obj <> endobj The sexual battery carries a felony charge and is typically attached to a $25,000 bail bond. Get free summaries of new opinions delivered to your inbox! 2014 - Present ACLU TN | All Rights Reserved |, ACLU-TN and the ACLU Foundation of Tennessee. (you are here), This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Go to previous versions ", "I can not begin to express how thankful Chris and I are for all of the hard work and dedication put into my husband's lawsuit. More than $60,000: Class B felony, punishable by 8- 30 years in prison, $25,000 in fines. endstream endobj 8035 0 obj <. Tennessee Bail Bonds Charges & Fees In Tennessee, the bail bond agency or bondsmen charges a non-refundable fee of 10% of the total amount of the bail itself. Please try again. | Last updated July 27, 2018. One hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) if the defendant is charged with some form of homicide. Assault against a spouse or someone else is much higher - around $10,000. 506, 5; T.C.A., 40-1205.]. single most impactful reassurance bondsmen can have. We sent a letter to county judicial and government officials demanding that the county stop bail practices that violate the constitutional and statutory rights of people arrested in Shelby County, and we are making the following proposals to fix the countys pretrial system: Trapped in Jail for Being Poor: Money Bail in Davidson County, Tennessee. These are estimates since the exact amounts can vary ACLU-TNs In Our Backyards Storytelling Project Lifts Voices of Directly-Impacted Tennesseans You can explore additional available newsletters here. Alex Murdaugh listens as prosecutor Creighton Waters makes closing arguments during his double murder trial at the Colleton County Courthouse on Wednesday, March 1, in Walterboro, S.C. The judge finds you low risk and has strong confidence that you will show up to court. Tennessee has a firm 10% bail bond fee that is charged for all bail bonds in the state (T.N.C 40-11-316). [C _2p iF`2 ` \ Get tailored advice and ask your legal questions. database, how bail is TermsPrivacyDisclaimerCookiesDo Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select, Please enter a legal issue and/or a location, Begin typing to search, use arrow Education, income, and employment statistics are vital in assessing the overall The exceptions involve those who are a flight risk, fugitives or repeat offenders, or those facing the death penalty. Our state and local governments use these fees and fines both . Are there any other contractual rules outside of bail bond fees? Learn more about Bryan E. Delius. He founded Delius & McKenzie more than 20 years ago, after receiving his JD from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. We pride ourselves on our reader focused approach, which includes providing information on determined, find additional bail prices for crimes, For starters, just because theres an average bail amount, does not mean that a person charged with that particular crime will have their bail set at or near that average amount. 2023 Cowboy Bail Bonds. The court will also charge $37 in administrative costs so keep that in mind when thinking of the total out-of-pocket cost. "There would not be enough words to express the exceptional service I was given. Civil Rights Groups Demand Shelby County End Discriminatory, Wealth-Based Bail Practices Shelby County, TN to help get people back on their feet. Published: Feb. 1, 2023 at 12:25 PM PST. will need the first and last name of the arrested person and the name of the This is why advocating for fair and effective alternatives to pretrial detention is an important part of the ACLU of Tennessees Campaign for Smart Justice. Bail Premium Fee: 10%. After bail has been determined, in front of a judge the defendants attorney may seek to reduce the bail amount, or the counsel for the state may seek to increase the bail amount. There is another option. Related Content: Is bail and bond the same thing? Common bail conditions in Tennessee In addition to being required to appear at any court hearings, the defendant who is released on bail must: Keep his/her job Submit to substance abuse testing Check with court officials about his/her whereabouts Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: A Cautionary Tale About Bail Reform in Georgia, by Andrea Woods, Staff Attorney, Criminal Law Reform Project (September 24, 2020, ACLU). This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, There is a newer version of the Tennessee Code. Please understand that each case is different and often the process will fluctuate based on factors such as how the crime was reported, how or when the defendant is arrested, the situation of the defendant and victim, etc. There are conditions that the state of Tennessee does place on defendants who have been granted bail: These conditions are not part of the bail bonds agency. You're all set! Even though cash bonds are permitted, it is usually not frequently done due to financial limitations. Learn more about how to calculate bail bonds. county jail they are located in. If you have any . When you're charged under Tennessee's vandalism laws, you'll need legal help to resolve your case in the best way possible. Bail bondsmen will fall under surety, or bail bonds, where they will bail you out for a 10% fee. Browder languished in jail for three years awaiting trial, spending much of the time in solitary confinement. We highly recommend reading of our complete guide on how bail bonds work to learn more about the bail process. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Table of Contents: Shelby County. Definition of "Damage" in Tennessee Has bail reform in America finally reached a tipping point? It was a huge source of comfort and a weight lifted off my shoulders to know that Mr. Delius and his staff would treat my case as if I were his only client and take care of me as if I were a family member. Selling Off Our Freedom: How Insurance Corporations Have Taken Over Our Bail System (American Civil Liberties Unions Campaign for Smart Justice andColor of Change, May 2017), No Money, No Freedom: The Need for Bail Reform (ACLU of Washington, September 2016), Why We Cant Go Backwards on Bail Reform, by Jared Trujillo, Policy Counsel, Policy & Simon McCormack, Senior Writer, Communications (January 13, 2022, NYCLU). A clerk may set the amount of bail in excess of the listed amounts in subsection (b) if the defendant is deemed a risk of flight pursuant to 40-11-118. One hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) if the defendant is charged with some form of homicide. Americas Pretrial System Is Broken. %%EOF If the defendant entered someone's home, this could increase to $50,000. Behind Many Mom and Pop Bail Bonds Shops Is a Huge Insurance Corporation Out to Profit From Misery. is based on FBI crime statistics The State of Tennessee Department of Insurance issues licenses for all bail bond agencies in the state and requires them to follow particular rules and regulations. By looking at the median home values in Shelby County, TN, G3/F{. You're all set! Damage includes, but is not limited to the following: While it's important to understand every detail of a statute, it doesn't hurt to get additional information from a no-nonsense guide to the law, written in common terms and everyday language. Reforming our states treatment of people before trial, including the use of money bail, will result in fewer people unnecessarily held behind bars. Find contact information for each bail bonds company, Take a look at our bail bond resources below and then give us a call or fill out our online form to get help with bail. determine collateral for property bail bonds. Tennessee may have more current or accurate information. Less than $500: Class A misdemeanor, punishable by up to 1 year, $2,5000 in fines. One of the areas where we, alongside our partners, are currently focusing on the need for bail reform is Shelby County. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, There is a newer version hbbd``b` $ @u!$XXA:6=k@BtQ @B*`0:H=E\L %$?^ 6p (a) (1) When the defendant has been arrested or held to answer for any bailable offense, the defendant is entitled to be admitted to bail by the committing magistrate, by any judge of the circuit or criminal court, or by the clerk of any circuit or criminal court; provided, that if admitted to bail by the clerk of any circuit or criminal court, Learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. Nashville Community Bail Fund Reaches Agreement with Davidson County Criminal Court Clerk to End Garnishment of Cash Bonds (December 9, 2020, ACLU). Kalief Browder was a 16-year-old accused of stealing a backpack in New York City. . Shelby County, TN. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. endstream endobj startxref Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. When a person intentionally destroys or damages another person's property in a way that diminishes the property's value, it's usually considered an act of vandalism.

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